Australia Pharmaceutical Market Overview - Reforms and continued price cuts will change the healthcare landscape

Introduction

The prescription pharmaceutical market in Australia was valued at $9.1 billion in 2009. Key growth drivers include the growing use of chronic high-value innovative treatments driven by a rising elderly population and high public spending as a proportion of total healthcare expenditure.

Scope

*Overview of Australia's socioeconomics and demographics, healthcare system, regulation, pricing and reimbursement and intellectual property position.

*Assesses the size of Australia's pharmaceutical market by prescribing setting, therapy area, leading brands and by leading companies.

*Examines Australia's generics and biosimilars landscape in terms of regulatory issues, level of penetration, key players and degree of brand erosion.

*Quantifies Australia's R&D and manufacturing infrastructure for the leading pharmaceutical companies, including key metrics and domestic M&A analysis.

Highlights

Australia's health expenditure totaled $81.8 billion, representing 9.1% of gross domestic product (GDP) in the financial year of 200708, which is the same percentage of GDP as the previous year. Australia's health expenditure as a proportion of GDP has been comparable to that seen in Europe, with most of its spending coming from the government.

Lipitor (atorvastatin, Pfizer) generated significantly higher sales than any other brand on the Australian pharmaceutical market in 2009 ($550m). The second and third highest-selling brands, Crestor (rosuvastatin; AstraZeneca) and Nexium (esomeprazole; AstraZeneca), lag far behind Lipitor and did not even reach half of its sales.

Compared with Europe, where 17 biosimilars of five different molecules have been approved since 2006, Australia's biosimilar market is small, particularly in terms of sales at $45,000. Somatropin is the only biologic that has biosimilar versions available, although the market is still very much dominated by the original branded product.

Reasons to Purchase

*Evaluate the evolving regulatory landscape and the impact of pricing and reimbursement controls on market access.

*Quantify the size and growth of the prescription pharmaceutical market in Australia, analyzing key therapy areas, brands and companies.

*Assess drivers and resistors of generic and biosimilars uptake in Australia and the level of erosion brands can expect to face post patent expiry.

[Studien Infos ausblenden]

ABOUT DATAMONITOR HEALTHCARE 2
About the Healthcare Strategic Analysis Team 2
Geographic-specific reports: 2
Global issue reports: 2
About the Healthcare Asia-Pacific Team 3
1. Australia - Executive Summary 4
Strategic scoping and focus 4
Key findings - healthcare drivers and resistors in Australia 5
Australia - Socio-demographic and economic analysis 8
Socio-demographic trends 8
Socio-economic trends 9
Australia - Healthcare system and drug regulatory analysis 10
Healthcare expenditure 10
Healthcare system overview 11
Regulatory issues 11
Pricing and reimbursement issues 11
Australia - Prescription pharmaceutical sales analysis 14
Pharmaceutical market size 14
Leading therapy areas 14
Leading prescription pharmaceutical brands 14
Leading pharmaceutical companies 14
Australia - Drug expiry analysis 16
Generics market 16
Brand erosion post patent expiry 16
Biosimilars market 16
Australia - Pharmaceutical industry infrastructure analysis 18
Pharmaceutical industry infrastructure overview 18
R&D infrastructure trends 18
Manufacturing infrastructure trends 19
Related reports 20
Upcoming related reports 20
Table of Contents 20
2. Australia - Socio-demographic and economic Analysis 21
Key findings 21
Socio-demographic trends 21
Socio-economic trends 21
Demographic trends in Australia 22
High population growth is a hot topic in Australia 22
Australia's birth rate is expected to stabilize 24
Proportion of elderly individuals is set to rise 25
Australia's life expectancy is one of the highest compared with other markets 26
Australia is a culturally and ethnically diverse country 27
Ischemic heart disease tops disease burden in Australia 28
Political climate in Australia 32
Federal elections are set for August 21, 2010 32
The 2010-11 Budget shows that the government's priorities include reforms in health and hospitals 32
Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) is good for innovators, but not so good for generics companies 33
Fifth Community Pharmacy Agreement was received positively all around 34
Australia's economy performs relatively well despite global downturn 35
Australia is doing comparatively well in the face of the global financial crisis 35
Unemployment rate experienced a small setback 37
Business environment in Australia 40
Corporate tax rate is high compared with other medium-sized OECD countries, but likely to be lowered 40
Unexpected price cuts led to uncertainty in Australia's pharmaceutical business environment 40
Historically strong Australian biotechnology industry took a big hit from global downturn 41
3. Australia - Healthcare system and drug regulatory analysis 43
Key findings 43
Healthcare expenditure 43
Healthcare system overview 43
Regulatory issues 43
Pricing and reimbursement issues 44
Healthcare expenditure - Australia's growth in pharmaceutical spending is under debate 45
Australia's healthcare system 48
The structure of the Australian healthcare system is complex 48
Reforms aim to decrease complexity and inequalities by changing the funding and governance of health and hospitals 50
Government focuses on early intervention and the integration of care in the community 51
Medicare provides Australians with a range of free services 52
Medicare Australia funds and provides public healthcare services 53
Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) funds the use of prescription drugs 54
The Australian government promotes the uptake of private health insurance 54
GP Super Clinics will be established in order to improve access to primary care 56
Australia's hospital system is split between a public and private market 57
Rural and Indigenous health are key focal points 58
National Medicines Policy aims to improve health outcomes through appropriate access to medicines 59
The Pharmaceutical Health and Rational Use of Medicines Committee and National Prescribing Service focus on quality use of medicines 59
Regulatory issues in Australia 60
Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) largely adopts EU standards 62
The Advisory Committee on Prescription Medicines (ACPM) has taken over from the Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) 62
New organizational structure was put in place in mid-2010 64
New fees for the evaluation of prescription medicines 64
Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) reforms aim to reduce regulatory burden 65
Accelerated application entry and improved application coordination (streamlined submission process) 66
Increased transparency of prescription medicine regulatory process (the AusPAR project) 67
Improved access to prescription medicine information (the PI/CMI project) 68
The 'biologicals framework' refreshes regulations for biologicals 69
Intellectual property environment 69
Standard 20-year patent can be extended by up to 5 years 69
Data exclusivity is 5 years, during which 'springboarding' is allowed 70
Pricing reforms may encourage 'evergreening' 70
Drug counterfeiting is less of a problem in Australia than in other developed markets 71
Drug importation is controlled by the government and patent holders 71
Drug reimbursement in Australia 72
Reimbursement is decided by the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee (PBAC) 73
High level of evidence is needed for a drug to be added to reimbursement list 73
Transparency in PBAC decisions has improved 74
Probability of a positive PBAC outcome was 75% in 2009, but lower for major applications 74
Parallel applications to the TGA and PBAC will become possible from 2011 75
AUD10m ($7.9m) threshold for cabinet approval remains 75
Section 100 programs provide drugs under special arrangements 76
Drug pricing in Australia 77
Prices are negotiated by the Pharmaceutical Benefits Pricing Authority (PBPA) 77
Latest Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) reforms led to considerable drug price reductions 78
The price disclosure program singles out generics for further price cuts 81
Criticized 'therapeutic groups' have been put to a halt by the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) 82
The PBPA uses different types of pricing models 83
Reference pricing method is mainly used for products in Formulary 1 83
Cost Plus method is mainly used for products in Formulary 2 84
Weighted Average Monthly Treatment Cost (WAMTC) is a key feature in therapeutic groups 84
Risk sharing agreements lack transparency 85
Special patient contributions apply in some cases 85
The Access to Medicines Working Group (AMWG) facilitates discussion between the government and pharmaceutical industry on PBS reforms 86
PBAC evaluates bDMARDs in cost-effectiveness review 88
Australian Government Productivity Commission highlights specific concerns about the regulation of medicines in Australia 88
Requirement for multiple ethics approvals 88
Timeliness and cost of manufacturing audits/GMP assessments 89
TGA transparency and communication 89
Concerns about PBS listing and pricing processes 89
Delays in achieving PBS listing due to overlapping processes 90
Concerns about marketing and advertising rules 90
Australia's healthcare reforms 90
4. Australia - Prescription pharmaceutical sales analysis 94
Key findings 94
Pharmaceutical market size 94
Leading therapy areas 94
Leading prescription pharmaceutical brands 94
Leading pharmaceutical companies 94
Pharmaceutical market size in Australia 95
Leading therapy areas in Australia 98
Cardiovascular drugs hold the largest share of the Australian market value 101
Central nervous system products hold the second-largest share of the Australian market value 102
Musculoskeletal drugs exhibited the strongest growth in sales in 2005-09 and 2008-09 102
The hematology class experienced the most rapid decline in growth 102
Leading pharmaceutical brands in Australia 103
Lipitor achieved by far the highest sales in Australia in 2009, but generics are expected in 2012 106
Crestor experiences a huge uptake in sales but may face price cuts and uncertain patent protection 106
Nexium's sales are going strong despite its price being linked to generic omeprazole 107
Leading companies in the Australian pharmaceutical market 108
Leading international companies active in Australia account for 63% of the pharmaceutical market 108
Leading Australian companies only make up 7% of the Australian pharmaceutical market 110
Sigma Pharmaceuticals 112
CSL 113
iNova Pharmaceuticals 114
5. Australia - Drug expiry analysis 115
Key findings 115
Generics market 115
Brand erosion post patent expiry 115
Biosimilars market 115
Australia generics market dynamics 117
Australia generics volume uptake 119
Australia generics value uptake 120
Drivers and resistors in the Australian generics market 121
Brand substitution is allowed if equivalence has been shown 121
Prevention of brand substitution by physicians is possible, but uncommon 122
Competing on price is difficult for generics manufacturers in Australia 123
High generics prices are targeted in continued price cuts 123
Pharmacists receive AUD1.50 for each script of a premium-free PBS drug they dispense 125
The Generic Medicines Industry Association (GMiA) unites key generics players 125
The National Prescribing Service (NPS) promotes generics education 125
Key generics players in Australia 126
Generic simvastatin is main single source of income for key generics players in Australia 126
Opportunities for the generics industry 127
Small molecule brand erosion in Australia 129
Overview of drugs analyzed 129
Mean level of brand erosion in Australia 129
Brand erosion in the Australian retail and hospital setting 130
Brand erosion by therapy area in Australia 132
Brand erosion by drug formulation in Australia 133
Biosimilars market dynamics in Australia 135
Drivers of biosimilar uptake - Australia bases its biosimilar approval pathway on that of the EU 135
Resistors of biosimilar uptake - limitations around reimbursement may cast a shadow over the commercial attractiveness of biosimilars in Australia 136
Somatropin is the only biosimilar available in Australia 138
Key players in the Australian biosimilars market 139
Monoclonal antibodies represent a major opportunity for the biosimilars industry 140
Over $400m in monoclonal antibody sales to go off-patent before 2015 140
However, branded monoclonal antibody uptake is currently hampered by reimbursement issues 140
International drivers and resistors to biosimilar monoclonal antibody uptake 142
Monoclonal antibody biosimilars in development internationally 142
6. Australia - Pharmaceutical industry infrastructure analysis 144
Key findings 144
Pharmaceutical industry infrastructure overview 144
R&D infrastructure trends 144
Manufacturing infrastructure trends 144
Overview of the pharmaceutical infrastructure in Australia 145
R&D and manufacturing strategies in Australia 146
Australia misses out as clinical trials are moved to Asia 147
Key company infrastructure in Australia 148
Pfizer 149
AstraZeneca 153
Sanofi-Aventis 157
GlaxoSmithKline 162
Novartis 167
Merck & Co. 171
Johnson & Johnson 175
Sigma Pharmaceuticals 179
Roche 183
Mylan 187
7. Bibliography 191
Australia - Executive Summary 191
Publications and online articles 191
Datamonitor reports and products 191
Australia - Socio-demographic and economic analysis 192
Publications and online articles 192
Australia - Healthcare system and drug regulatory analysis 196
Publications and online articles 196
Datamonitor reports and products 204
Australia - Prescription pharmaceutical sales analysis 205
Publications and online articles 205
Australia - Drug expiry analysis 206
Publications and online articles 206
Datamonitor reports and products 208
Australia - Pharmaceutical industry infrastructure analysis 209
Publications and online articles 209
APPENDIX 212
Exchange rate used in this report 212
Australia brand erosion - additional data 213
Australia brand erosion - methodology 215
Datamonitor prescription pharmaceutical definition and therapy area classification 218
About Datamonitor 219
About Datamonitor Healthcare 219
Datamonitor consulting 219
Disclaimer 220
Disclaimer 221
List of Tables
Table 1: Australia - changes in the key value drivers of the Australian pharmaceutical market, 2005-09 6
Table 2: Australia - demographic indicators, 2005 and 2010 8
Table 3: Australia - key economic indicators, 2005-2012 9
Table 4: Australia - health expenditure indicators, 2006-09 10
Table 5: Australia - pricing and reimbursement tools, 2010 13
Table 6: Australia - sales and volume of the prescription pharmaceutical market, 2005-09 15
Table 7: Australia - key metrics for the generics and biosimilars market, 2007-09 17
Table 8: Australia - pharmaceutical industry metrics 18
Table 9: Australia - R&D and manufacturing infrastructure data, 2010 19
Table 10: Australia - demographic indicators, 2005 and 2010 22
Table 11: Australia - top 10 causes of mortality, 2008 29
Table 12: Australia - disability-adjusted life years (DALY) rates compared with North America, five major EU markets (5EU), Japan and the BRIC nations, 2004 31
Table 13: Australia - key economic indicators, 2005-2012 35
Table 14: Australia - health expenditure indicators, 2006-09 47
Table 15: Australia - number of hospitals by type and state, 2007-08 57
Table 16: Australia - Overview of Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) fees for the evaluation of prescription medicines, before and after July 1, 2010 65
Table 17: Australia - reimbursement tools, 2010 72
Table 18: Australia - Factors that the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee (PBAC) has identified as informing its decision-making 73
Table 19: Australia - pricing tools , 2010 77
Table 20: Australia - Factors that the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Pricing Authority (PBPA) has identified as informing its decision-making, 2010 78
Table 21: Australia - major health policy reforms since Medibank 91
Table 22: Australia - legislative changes to regulation as a result of the trans Tasman project 92
Table 23: Australia - sales and volume of the prescription pharmaceutical market, 2005-09 97
Table 24: Australia - pharmaceutical sales by therapy area ($m and %), 2005-09 99
Table 25: Australia - pharmaceutical volume by therapy area (SUm and %), 2005-09 100
Table 26: Australia - sales for the top 20 pharmaceutical brands ($m and %), 2009 104
Table 27: Australia - volume for the top 20 pharmaceutical brands (SUm and %), 2009 105
Table 28: Australia - sales growth for the leading international pharmaceutical companies ($ and %), 2005-09 109
Table 29: Australia - volume growth for the leading international pharmaceutical companies (SUm and %), 2005-09 110
Table 30: Australia - sales growth for the leading domestic pharmaceutical companies ($ and %), 2005-09 111
Table 31: Australia - volume growth for the leading domestic pharmaceutical companies (SUm and %), 2005-09 112
Table 32: Australia - key metrics for the generics and biosimilars market, 2007-09 116
Table 33: Australia - comparison of generic penetration versus other major pharmaceutical markets ($ billion and %), 2007-08 117
Table 34: Australia - availability of simvastatin 40mg on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) at June 21, 2010 124
Table 35: Australia - top five generics companies, 2009 126
Table 36: Australia - leading pharmaceutical brands losing patent protection in 2010-12 128
Table 37: Australia - key metrics for the biosimilars market, 2009 135
Table 38: Australia - Biosimilars listed on the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG), 2010 139
Table 39: Australia - monoclonal antibodies that have lost or will lose patent protection in 2009-2015 140
Table 40: Australia - monoclonal antibodies available in the country, 2010 141
Table 41: Australia - pharmaceutical industry metrics 146
Table 42: Australia - sales growth for the leading pharmaceutical companies ($ and %), 2005-09 148
Table 43: Australia - Pfizer's R&D and manufacturing infrastructure (post-merger with Wyeth), 2010 149
Table 44: Australia - Pfizer's R&D and manufacturing infrastructure data (post-merger with Wyeth) compared with other top 10 innovator companies in Australia, 2010 150
Table 45: Australia - AstraZeneca's R&D and manufacturing infrastructure, 2010 153
Table 46: Australia - AstraZeneca's R&D and manufacturing infrastructure data compared with other top 10 innovator companies in Australia, 2010 154
Table 47: Australia - Sanofi-Aventis's Australia-based M&A activity, 2008-2010 157
Table 48: Australia - Sanofi-Aventis' R&D and manufacturing infrastructure, 2010 158
Table 49: Australia - Sanofi-Aventis's R&D and manufacturing infrastructure data compared with other top 10 innovator companies in Australia, 2010 159
Table 50: Australia - GlaxoSmithKline's R&D and manufacturing infrastructure, 2010 162
Table 51: Australia - Sanofi-Aventis' Australia-based M&A activity, 2008-2010 163
Table 52: Australia - GlaxoSmithKline's R&D and manufacturing infrastructure data compared with other top 10 innovator companies in Australia, 2010 164
Table 53: Australia - Novartis's R&D and manufacturing infrastructure, 2010 167
Table 54: Australia - Novartis's R&D and manufacturing infrastructure data compared with other top 10 innovator companies in Australia, 2010 168
Table 55: Australia - Merck & Co's R&D and manufacturing infrastructure, 2010 171
Table 56: Australia - Merck & Co's R&D and manufacturing infrastructure data compared with other top 10 innovator companies in Australia, 2010 172
Table 57: Australia - Johnson & Johnson's R&D and manufacturing infrastructure, 2010 175
Table 58: Australia - Johnson & Johnson's R&D and manufacturing infrastructure data compared with other top 10 innovator companies in Australia, 2010 176
Table 59: Australia - Sigma Pharmaceutical's R&D and manufacturing infrastructure, 2010 179
Table 60: Australia - Sanofi-Aventis' Australia-based M&A activity, 2008-2010 180
Table 61: Australia - Sigma Pharmaceuticals's R&D and manufacturing infrastructure data compared with innovator companies in Australia's top 10 pharma companies, 2010 181
Table 62: Australia - Roche's R&D and manufacturing infrastructure, 2010 183
Table 63: Australia - Roche's R&D and manufacturing infrastructure data compared with other top 10 innovator companies in Australia, 2010 184
Table 64: Australia - Mylan's R&D and manufacturing infrastructure, 2010 187
Table 65: Australia - Mylan's R&D and manufacturing infrastructure data compared with other top 10 innovator companies in Australia, 2010 188
Table 66: Average exchange rate, 2010 212
Table 67: ATC (anatomical therapeutic chemical) classification codes assigned to each therapy area 218
List of Figures
Figure 1: Australia - key value drivers of Australia's pharmaceutical market, 2009 5
Figure 2: Australia - drivers and resistors facing branded pharmaceutical companies 7
Figure 3: Australia - population and population growth rate, 1950-2050 23
Figure 4: Australia - population growth compared with North America, five major EU markets (5EU), Japan and the BRIC nations, 1950-2050 24
Figure 5: Australia - birth rates per 1,000 individuals compared with North America, five major EU markets (5EU), Japan and the BRIC nations, 1950-2050 25
Figure 6: Australia - proportion of population over 65 years compared with North America, five major EU markets (5EU), Japan and the BRIC nations, 1950-2050 26
Figure 7: Australia - life expectancy compared with North America, five major EU markets (5EU), Japan and the BRIC nations, 1950-2050 27
Figure 8: Australia - gross domestic product (GDP) per capita growth rate compared with Japan, the BRIC nations, North America and the five major EU markets (5EU), 2005-09 36
Figure 9: Debt trap rankings for the UK, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, US, Canada, Australia and Japan, 2010 37
Figure 10: Unemployment rates in Australia, the five major EU markets, North America, Japan and the BRIC nations, 1990-2008 39
Figure 11: Australia - health expenditure as a proportion of GDP compared with North America, five major EU markets (5EU), Japan and the BRIC nations 45
Figure 12: Australia - the structure of the healthcare system and its flow of funds, 2010 49
Figure 13: Australia - number of people with private hospital cover, June 1971-June 2009 55
Figure 14: Australia - total number of selected health professionals, 1986-2006 56
Figure 15: Australia - drug approval pathway, 2010 61
Figure 16: Australia - number of prescription medicine submissions to the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), 2006-09 63
Figure 17: Australia - the split between the Australian Formulary 1 (F1) and Formulary 2 (F2) 79
Figure 18: Australia - average time from ADEC recommendation to PBS listing, 2008 87
Figure 19: Australia - relative sales and volume of the prescription pharmaceutical market, 2005-09 96
Figure 20: Australia - pharmaceutical sales by therapy area (%), 2005-09 98
Figure 21: Australia - number of services (scripts) reimbursed by the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) per drug class, 1992-2009 101
Figure 22: Australia - sales growth for the leading pharmaceutical brands ($m and %), 2009 103
Figure 23: Australia - sales for leading pharmaceutical companies (%), 2005-09 108
Figure 24: Australia - comparison of generics market size versus other major pharmaceutical markets ($ billion), 2007-08 118
Figure 25: Australia - comparison of generic volume uptake versus other major pharmaceutical markets (%), 2007-08 119
Figure 26: Australia - comparison of generic value uptake versus other major pharmaceutical markets (%), 2007-08 120
Figure 27: Drivers and resistors in the Australian generics market, 2010 121
Figure 28: Australia - mean erosion (by value and volume) of eight key branded molecules during the first 2 years of generic competition 130
Figure 29: Australia - mean erosion (by value and volume) of branded molecules by prescribing setting during the first 2 years of generic competition 131
Figure 30: Australia - mean erosion (by value and volume) of branded molecules by therapy area during the first 2 years of generic competition 133
Figure 31: Australia - mean erosion (by value and volume) of branded molecules by formulation during the first 2 years of generic competition 134
Figure 32: Australia - flowchart of the proposed biosimilar approval pathway, 2010 137
Figure 33: Australia - indexed sales of Genotropin, NutropinAq and Norditropin in Australia, 2005-09 138
Figure 34: Drivers and resistors to biosimilar monoclonal antibody entry, 2010 142
Figure 35: Australia - key biosimilars in development internationally by product class, 2010 143
Figure 36: Australia - National Health and Medical Research Council grant funding: expenditure active new and continuing awards, 2001-2010 145
Figure 37: Pharma's strategic responses to slowing sales and operating profit growth, 2010 147
Figure 38: Australia - Pfizer's presence (post-merger with Wyeth) compared with other top 10 innovator companies in Australia, 2010 151
Figure 39: Australia - Pfizer's pharmaceutical operations, 2010 152
Figure 40: Australia - AstraZeneca's R&D and manufacturing presence compared with other top 10 innovator companies in Australia, 2010 155
Figure 41: Australia - AstraZeneca's pharmaceutical operations, 2010 156
Figure 42: Australia - Sanofi-Aventis's presence compared with other top 10 innovator companies in Australia, 2010 160
Figure 43: Australia - Sanofi-Aventis's and Sanofi-Pasteur's pharmaceutical operations, 2010 161
Figure 44: Australia - GlaxoSmithKline's presence compared with other top 10 innovator companies in Australia, 2010 165
Figure 45: Australia - GlaxoSmithKline's and Stiefel's pharmaceutical operations, 2010 166
Figure 46: Australia - Novartis's presence compared with other top 10 innovator companies in Australia, 2010 169
Figure 47: Australia - Novartis's and Sandoz's pharmaceutical operations, 2010 170
Figure 48: Australia - Merck & Co's presence compared with other top 10 innovator companies in Australia, 2010 173
Figure 49: Australia - Merck Sharp & Dohme's (a Merck & Co subsidiary) and Schering-Plough's pharmaceutical operations, 2010 174
Figure 50: Australia - Johnson & Johnson's presence compared with other top 10 innovator companies in Australia, 2010 177
Figure 51: Australia - Johnson & Johnson's, Janssen-Cilag's, DePuy's and Tasmanian Alkaloids' pharmaceutical operations, 2010 178
Figure 52: Australia - Sigma Pharmaceuticals's pharmaceutical operations, 2010 182
Figure 53: Australia - Roche's presence compared with other top 10 innovator companies in Australia, 2010 185
Figure 54: Australia - Roche Products' and Roche Diagnostics' pharmaceutical operations, 2010 186
Figure 55: Australia - Mylan's presence compared with other top 10 innovator companies in Australia, 2010 189
Figure 56: Australia - Alphapharm's (a Mylan's subsidiary) pharmaceutical operations, 2010 190
Figure 57: Australia - branded erosion (%) of value ($) according to brand in the first eight quarters following generic entry 213
Figure 58: Australia - mean branded erosion (%) of value ($) according to brand in the first eight quarters following generic entry 214
Figure 59: Drugs experiencing generic erosion between Q1 2006 and Q2 2007 215
Figure 60: Erosion curves for each drug experiencing generic entry 216
Figure 61: Mean erosion curve for drugs A, B and C experiencing generic entry 217

[Inhaltsverzeichnis ausblenden]