The Future of Sustainable Food and Beverage Packaging

Introduction

Well over half of consumers across 20 nations consider grocery products to be over-packaged. Although this sentiment varies depending on product sector, it is symptomatic of intensifying pressure for the packaging industry to develop more sustainable solutions across the supply chain. In short, sustainability remains an industry defining issue for packagers and their customers

Scope

*Covering food and non-alcoholic beverages, it outlines the drivers and inhibitors of sustainable packaging primarily from a consumers' perspective

*Detailed action points (over 40 pages) showcasing best practice examples of global packaging innovations to assist benchmarking efforts

*Evidence-led insight covering how consumers put their sustainable packaging views into action and to what extent attitude-behavior gaps persist

*Incorporates multiple waves of proprietary consumer research across 20 countries. Accessible as a full length report and summarized PowerPoint brief

Highlights

Widespread environmental concerns are driving the sustainable packaging agenda Indicative of just how significant the issue has become, about two-thirds of consumers globally are willing to endure some degree of economic burden to protect the environment a finding made even more relevant in the context of the global economic crisis

Negative public perceptions of packaging have driven much of the sustainable packaging debate so far. Packaging is often seen as a burden to consumers and the environment (with French and UK consumers most likely to perceive grocery products to be over-packaged), thereby elevating the importance of sustainability in the 'packaging mix'

Minimizing the environment burden is just one of a number of important features determining how consumers will judge packaging. Nevertheless, claims associated with more sustainable forms of packaging, such as 'reduced packaging' and 'recyclable/compostable', exert a favorable influence on consumers' product evaluations

Reasons to Purchase

*Obtain 'evidence-led insight': access multiple waves of primary consumers research data to support improved decision making

*Develop compelling 'on-trend' products: better meet food and beverage consumers' packaging expectations with highly valued packaging features

*Opportunity profiling: identify industry sentiment, consumer segments and best practice to better capitalize on an industry defining trend

[Studien Infos ausblenden]

Overview 1
Catalyst 1
Summary 1
Table of Contents 2
Table of figures 3
Table of tables 4
THE FUTURE DECODED 5
INTRODUCTION: Intensifying pressure exists for the packaging industry to develop more sustainable solutions across the supply chain 5
This is one of four sector specific reports covering sustainable packaging 5
Sustainability captures a broad range of social, environmental and economic issues 6
Sustainability remains an industry defining issue for packagers and their customers 9
Sustainable packaging can involve a number of things, particularly as it is an evolving concept 14
Key takeouts and implications: packagers and their customers must be seen to be proactively addressing sustainability 19
TREND: Widespread environmental concerns are driving the sustainable packaging agenda 20
Majorities of global citizens express concerns about climate change and protecting the environment 21
The extent to which individuals feel truly informed about environmental issues, including their own behavioral impact, is typically lower than expressed concern 29
Key takeouts and implications: with ethical and environmental issues remaining a top priority for global consumers in the coming years, packagers and their customers must act accordingly 33
TREND: Consumers are becoming more sensitive to sustainable packaging issues and perceive grocery products to be over-packaged 34
Packaging and associated waste is an important 'green' issue for consumers 38
Consumers think grocery products are generally over-packaged, although this perception has subsided slightly in recent years 40
Consumers expect retail/consumer companies in particular to make a positive environmental impact with measures such as minimizing packaging or using recyclable materials 45
Food and beverage packaging suffers more than other consumer packaged good formats from the perception of over-packaging 46
Key takeouts and implications: packaging is often seen as a burden to consumers and the environment, thereby elevating the importance of sustainability in the 'packaging mix' 50
TREND: Heightened sensitivity to the environmental impact of packaging is influencing consumer behavior 51
Consumers are reflecting on their own behavior in light of escalating ethical consciousness 51
A more self-reflective outlook towards environmental issues is apparent from consumers' attentiveness towards environmentally aligned packaging attributes 55
Claims associated with more sustainable forms of packaging, such as 'reduced packaging' and 'recyclable/compostable', exert a favorable influence on consumers' product evaluations 61
Given the ongoing societal emphasis on recycling, packaging is at the forefront of consumers' environmentally-driven behavior 66
Key takeouts and implications: environmentally conscious consumers want to purchase high-integrity products in packaging that reflects their desire to minimize environmental impact 72
INSIGHT: A small segment of food and beverage consumers are highly influenced by, and acting upon, sustainable packaging concerns 73
Around 20-30% of consumers perceive packaging volumes to influence the food and beverage choices that they make 73
Around a one quarter of consumers routinely opt for minimum or reduced packaging food and drinks 77
Key takeouts and implications: a segment of consumers, albeit a relatively small one, is heavily guided by their considerations for waste, when making food and beverage purchases 79
INSIGHT: Sustainability aligned benefits do not feature among the top three attributes consumers value from grocery product packaging 80
Minimizing the environment burden is just one of a number of important features determining how consumers will judge packaging 80
Informing and protecting are the two most important packaging functions valued by consumers 81
Consumers are not willing to compromise hygiene and protection for environmental benefits, but do not automatically assume reduced packaging to compromise product quality 85
The de-prioritization of environmental benefits in packaging highlights just how important it is that ethically positioned food and beverages offer practical benefits 88
Mini case study: the experience of Frito-Lay's Sun Chips brand packaging in 2009-10 demonstrates the need to focus on the full packaging experience, and not just sustainability in isolation 90
Key takeouts and implications: environmental considerations are secondary in driving packaging preferences so developers need to balance the need for a wide range of features and benefits 92
INSIGHT: Sustainable packaging concerns align well with consumers' desire to 'de-clutter' 93
Living a less complicated, clutter-free lifestyle is an important aspiration for many global citizens 94
A relatively strong sentiment exists among global citizens about the need to consume less in order to improve the environment for future generations 95
Key takeouts and implications: many consumers are increasingly seeking to simplify life and will value products that align to this ideology 97
INSIGHT: Concerns about sustainable packaging potentially conflict with desires for more information about food and beverage product credentials 98
A growing appetite for health information reflects consumers' intensifying interest in the formulation specifics of food and beverages 99
Authenticity-seeking consumers are holding brands accountable to more exacting, authentic standards 101
The need to communicate a sustainability comparative advantage, as well as wider social marketing efforts, means that package labels can be important marketing communication cues 104
Key takeouts and implications: in the pursuit of more sustainable forms of packaging, industry players must not lose sight of the important communication role the package performs 106
ACTION POINTS 108
ACTION: Contribute to broader efforts to educate consumers about the merits of packaging and, in particular, sustainable packaging design 108
Commit to, and communicate, measurable goals in sustainable packaging 109
Communicate the positive sustainable outcomes facilitated by core packaging functions by ensuring that improved sustainability benefits co-exist with other functionality that consumers value 117
Use packaging to highlight brands' ethical credentials, particularly sustainability causes that it supports 119
ACTION: Ensure that the sustainability profile of packaging continually improves by evaluating all the routes towards sustainable food and beverage packaging 123
Make decisions that work for individual brands and territories in question, but adopt a holistic approach that meets a number of the sustainable packaging principles 124
Adopt a 'frustration-free' philosophy to sustainable packaging design 127
Ensure vigilance and best practice in the ethical sourcing of packaging products 128
Remove and/or reduce packaging materials, especially more environmentally sensitive ones, needed to house food and beverage products 129
Use recycled content and increase recyclability of food and beverage packaging 134
Innovate and develop commercially viable packaging using alternative materials in order to help minimize raw material use 134
Increase the reuse potential of food and beverage packaging 139
Ensure decisions are viewed in terms of the entire life-cycle of the package 140
Use Datamonitor's Product Launch Analytics (PLA) and Pack Track innovation tool, monitor the ongoing evolution in sustainable packaging innovation both within and outside your category and country 142
ACTION: Market more sustainably packaged food and beverage products as a positive lifestyle choice 144
Stress individual choice along with environmental benefits and focus on the 'designed in' personal benefit 145
Recruit passionate advocates to leverage the viral effect that is possible with compelling sustainability-led product and marketing concepts 148
Communicate the positive aspects of environmentalism when marketing packaging sustainability 148
Use the strong environmental credentials of sustainable packaging to leverage brand authenticity 150
APPENDIX 151
Definitions 151
Supplementary data 152
Consumer survey data 152
Waste and recycling data 160
Methodology 167
Further reading and references 169
Ask the analyst 173
Datamonitor consulting 173
Disclaimer 173
List of Tables
Table 1: Consumer survey: the extent to which global citizens across 25 countries perceive global warming to be a serious problem, by country, 2007-2010 24
Table 2: Consumer survey: importance attached to protecting the environment, in 20 countries across Europe, Asia Pacific, the Americas and the Middle East and Africa, 2008 and 2010 26
Table 3: Consumer survey: importance attached to protecting the environment across 20 countries, by gender and age, 2010 27
Table 4: Consumer survey: the extent to which global citizens across 25 countries perceive that protecting the environment should be given priority over economic growth, by country, 2007-10 28
Table 5: Consumer survey: extent to which citizens feel informed about how their behavior impacts the environment, in 20 countries across Europe, Asia Pacific, the Americas, and the Middle East and Africa, by country, age and gender (overall), 2010 31
Table 6: Consumer survey: extent to which citizens feel informed about environmental issues such as global warming/'carbon footprint', in 20 countries across Europe, Asia Pacific, the Americas, and the Middle East and Africa, by country, age and gender (overall), 2010 32
Table 7: Overall and per capita packaging waste, in 20 countries across Europe, Asia Pacific, the Americas and the Middle East and Africa, by country, 2004-2014 36
Table 8: Overall and per capita household waste, in 20 countries across Europe, Asia Pacific, the Americas and the Middle East and Africa, by country, 2004-2014 37
Table 9: Consumer survey: perception of grocery product over-packaging, in 20 countries across Europe, Asia Pacific, the Americas, and the Middle East and Africa, 2008 and 2010 43
Table 10: Consumer survey: perception of grocery product over-packaging across 20 countries, by gender, age and education, 2010 44
Table 11: Consumer survey: agreement with the statement, "food and beverage products have too much packaging" across 20 countries, by age and gender, 2010 49
Table 12: Consumer survey: degree of attentiveness towards whether packaging is environmentally friendly, across 20 countries, by age and gender, 2010 56
Table 13: Consumer survey: agreement with the statement, "if I see a product has too much packaging I will consider buying an alternative product", in 20 countries across Europe, Asia Pacific, the Americas, and the Middle East and Africa, 2008 and 2010 58
Table 14: Consumer survey: agreement with the statement, "if I see a product has too much packaging I will consider buying an alternative product" across 20 countries, by age and gender, 2010 59
Table 15: Consumer survey: relative importance attached to the environmental friendliness and aesthetics of packaging when gift buying, across 20 countries, by age and gender, 2010 61
Table 16: Consumer survey: perceived influence of a 'reduced packaging' and 'recyclable/compostable' claim on a grocery product across 20 countries, by gender and age, 2010 65
Table 17: Recycling rates for paper and cardboard waste and glass waste, in 20 countries across Europe, Asia Pacific, the Americas and the Middle East and Africa, by country, 2004-2014 69
Table 18: Consumer survey: perceived influence that the amount of packaging has in directing packaged food product choices, in 15 countries across Europe, Asia Pacific and the Americas, by country, 2010 76
Table 19: Consumer survey: self-reported propensity to buy minimum or reduced packaging food and drinks across 17 countries, by age and gender, 2009 79
Table 20: Consumer survey: degree of attentiveness towards 12 different packaging functions/benefits, across in 20 countries, by function, 2010 85
Table 21: Consumer survey: perception that reduced packaging in grocery products may compromise product quality across 20 countries, by age and gender, 2010 87
Table 22: Consumer survey: perception that living a less complicated lifestyle has become more or less important compared to two years previously, across 20 countries, by age and gender, 2010 95
Table 23: Consumer survey: aggregated propensity to use nutritional information on product packaging to help make food and drink choices across 17 countries, by age and gender, 2010 100
Table 24: Consumer survey: perceived appeal of information on product packages that allows users to see where and how a food or beverage product was made, in 20 countries across Europe, Asia Pacific, the Americas, and the Middle East and Africa, 2008 and 2010 103
Table 25: Consumer survey: perceived appeal of information on product packages that allows users to see where and how a food or beverage product was made across 20 countries, by age and gender, 2010 104
Table 26: Consumer survey: perceived influence of various environmentally themed labels on purchasing decisions across 15 countries, 2010 105
Table 27: Consumer survey: perception of grocery product over-packaging in food and beverages, in 20 countries across Europe, Asia Pacific, the Americas, and South Africa, 2010 152
Table 28: Consumer survey: degree of attentiveness towards whether packaging is environmentally friendly, in 20 countries across Europe, Asia Pacific, the Americas, and the Middle East and Africa, 2010 153
Table 29: Consumer survey: perceived influence of a 'reduced packaging' claim on a grocery product, in 20 countries across Europe, Asia Pacific, the Americas, and the Middle East and Africa, 2010 154
Table 30: Consumer survey: perceived influence of a 'reduced packaging' claim on a grocery product, in 20 countries across Europe, Asia Pacific, the Americas, and the Middle East and Africa, 2010 155
Table 31: Consumer survey: perceived influence of a 'reduced packaging' claim when making food and beverage choices, in 17 countries across Europe, Asia Pacific, the Americas, and MENA, 2009 156
Table 32: Consumer survey: propensity to buy "minimum or reduced packaging food and drinks", in 17 countries across Europe, Asia Pacific, the Americas, and MENA, 2009 157
Table 33: Consumer survey: perception that reduced packaging in grocery products may compromise product quality, in 20 countries across Europe, Asia Pacific, the Americas, and the Middle East and Africa, 2010 158
Table 34: Consumer survey: perception that living a less complicated lifestyle has become more or less important compared to two years previously, in 20 countries across Europe, Asia Pacific, the Americas, and the Middle East and Africa, 2010 159
Table 35: Consumer survey: degree of attentiveness towards whether packaging is environmentally friendly, in 20 countries across Europe, Asia Pacific, the Americas, and the Middle East and Africa, 2010 160
Table 36: France: composition of municipal waste (1,000 tonnes), by waste type, 2004-2014 161
Table 37: Germany: composition of municipal waste (1,000 tonnes), by waste type, 2004-2014 161
Table 38: Italy: composition of municipal waste (1,000 tonnes), by waste type, 2004-2014 161
Table 39: Netherlands: composition of municipal waste (1,000 tonnes), by waste type, 2004-2014 162
Table 40: Russia: composition of municipal waste (1,000 tonnes), by waste type, 2004-2014 162
Table 41: Spain: composition of municipal waste (1,000 tonnes), by waste type, 2004-2014 162
Table 42: Sweden: composition of municipal waste (1,000 tonnes), by waste type, 2004-2014 163
Table 43: UK: composition of municipal waste (1,000 tonnes), by waste type, 2004-2014 163
Table 44: US: composition of municipal waste (1,000 tonnes), by waste type, 2004-2014 163
Table 45: Canada: composition of municipal waste (1,000 tonnes), by waste type, 2004-2014 164
Table 46: Brazil: composition of municipal waste (1,000 tonnes), by waste type, 2004-2014 164
Table 47: Saudi Arabia: composition of municipal waste (1,000 tonnes), by waste type, 2004-2014 164
Table 48: UAE: composition of municipal waste (1,000 tonnes), by waste type, 2004-2014 165
Table 49: South Africa: composition of municipal waste (1,000 tonnes), by waste type, 2004-2014 165
Table 50: Australia: composition of municipal waste (1,000 tonnes), by waste type, 2004-2014 165
Table 51: China: composition of municipal waste (1,000 tonnes), by waste type, 2004-2014 166
Table 52: India: composition of municipal waste (1,000 tonnes), by waste type, 2004-2014 166
Table 53: Japan: composition of municipal waste (1,000 tonnes), by waste type, 2004-2014 166
Table 54: Singapore: composition of municipal waste (1,000 tonnes), by waste type, 2004-2014 167
Table 55: Korea: composition of municipal waste (1,000 tonnes), by waste type, 2004-2014 167
List of Figures
Figure 1: Sustainability captures a broad range of social, environmental and economic issues 7
Figure 2: The sustainability challenges differ markedly depending of economic progress 7
Figure 3: Corporate social responsibility (which also encompasses sustainability) remains a top-tier business issue for consumer companies 9
Figure 4: Packagers are increasingly familiar with, and acting upon, sustainability principles 10
Figure 5: Retailers (and their customers) are leading the drive towards more sustainable forms of packaging 12
Figure 6: Improved cost management drives many decisions to embrace sustainable packaging initiatives 13
Figure 7: Sustainable packing is an 'umbrella term' incorporating a range of principles 15
Figure 8: Understanding both the drivers and inhibitors of sustainable packaging will allow for better decision making regarding an issue that could potentially re-shape how a company operates 18
Figure 9: Deep-rooted environmental values that now characterize majorities of global citizens 21
Figure 10: There is worldwide consensus that global warming is a serious problem 23
Figure 11: More than three-quarters of citizens globally attach high importance to protecting the environment-a sentiment that is pushing the sustainable packaging agenda 25
Figure 12: On a like-for-like basis, citizens in a few countries consider sustainability-led issues to be more of a concern than the economy in 2010 28
Figure 13: Despite being in a global recession, a considerable proportion of global citizens would-in theory at least-sacrifice some economic growth to address environmental concerns 29
Figure 14: The extent consumers feel truly informed about environmental issues is lower than expressed concern 30
Figure 15: Public awareness and interest in sustainable packaging is fueled by a plethora of communications focusing on the issue 35
Figure 16: Consumers are becoming more sensitive to sustainable packaging issues and perceive grocery products to be over-packaged 38
Figure 17: Packaging and associated waste is an important green issue for consumers 39
Figure 18: Contradictory attitudes towards the role of packaging exist, which presents an important challenge for the packaging industry and supply chain partners they serve 41
Figure 19: A majority of consumers think products are over-packaged, although this perception has subsided 42
Figure 20: Consumers expect retail/consumer companies in particular to make a positive environmental impact via measures such as minimizing packaging or using to recyclable materials 45
Figure 21: Consumers in the UK, Australia and Japan have higher expectations of retail and consumer companies to make a positive environmental impact via measures such as minimizing packaging 46
Figure 22: Food and beverage products (excluding alcoholic beverages) are perceived to be more over-packaged than most other FMCG items 48
Figure 23: French and UK consumers in particular are of the opinion that food and beverage products are over-packaged 49
Figure 24: Ethical consumerism involves a mix of 'positive' and 'negative' consumer behaviors 51
Figure 25: Consumers are beginning to believe that their own individual actions can make a difference in improving environmental/sustainability outcomes 52
Figure 26: Many citizens recognize their personal responsibility in addressing environmental degradation 54
Figure 27: Approaching half of consumers across 20 countries report being attentive towards the environmental friendliness of grocery product packaging 55
Figure 28: Well over a third of consumers in most nations will consider alternatives if they perceive a product has too much packaging 57
Figure 29: Around 40% of consumers claim to avoid excessively packaged goods on a frequent basis 59
Figure 30: Packaging sustainability considerations also influence gift buying 60
Figure 31: Promoting green credentials, whether more sustainable packaging or other related claims, necessitates finding the right balance in marketing communications 63
Figure 32: Sustainable packaging claims such as 'reduced packaging' exert a favorable influence on consumers' product evaluations 64
Figure 33: Recycling of household waste is more established in developed consumer markets-indicative of the superior recycling infrastructure that is typically apparent in these countries 67
Figure 34: Recycled content tops the criteria for how the industry evaluates sustainable packaging 70
Figure 35: Bringing one's own bag to a store or market has been a topical sustainability issue in recent years 71
Figure 36: The contested use of store-bags has made packaging and waste a more visible topic in many consumer societies 71
Figure 37: A segment of food and beverage consumers are influenced by, and acting upon, sustainable packaging concerns 73
Figure 38: Around three-in-10 consumers are highly influenced by the amount of packaging when choosing packaged food products 75
Figure 39: Reduced packaging is a claim that exerts a high degree of influence on the product choices of around one quarter of food and beverage consumers 77
Figure 40: Around one quarter of food and beverage consumers are routinely trying to buy minimum or reduced packaging food and drinks 78
Figure 41: More environmentally friendly packaging is a hot topic for consumers, but for most it is not the most important packaging attribute sought 80
Figure 42: Packaging-which can be classified in three ways-performs a number of crucial roles 81
Figure 43: Sustainability benefits do not feature among the top three attributes consumers value from packaging 84
Figure 44: Consumers are not willing to compromise hygiene and protection for environmental benefits 86
Figure 45: The perception that reduced packaging in grocery products may compromise product quality does exist, but is not highly pronounced 87
Figure 46: Taste and flavor typically dictate consumers' food and beverage choices, with ethics and sustainability still a secondary concern for most 89
Figure 47: Frito-Lay's new environmentally-aligned packaging for the SunChips brand quickly became the target of negative attention because of how noisy it is 91
Figure 48: Sustainable packaging concerns align well with consumers' desire to 'de-clutter' 93
Figure 49: Consumers have placed added emphasis on living a less complicated lifestyle in recent years 94
Figure 50: Reducing consumption levels in order to improve the environment is an ideology that majorities of global citizens subscribe to-at least from an attitudinal perspective 96
Figure 51: Concerns about sustainable packaging potentially conflict with desires for more information about food and beverage product credentials 99
Figure 52: Introspective consumers routinely look to on-pack labeling for guidance 100
Figure 53: Global shoppers value reassurances and transparency about how products are produced- including information on packaging about products are made 102
Figure 54: Carbon-free certified products are beginning to appear in the FMCG marketplace 105
Figure 55: Ethical wellbeing is a compelling opportunity providing impetus for strategy defining social marketing initiatives 106
Figure 56: If a real ethical/sustainability advantage exists with product packaging, companies must use it to inspire customers and end consumers 109
Figure 57: Industry players must engage and inform consumers about sustainable packaging initiatives 111
Figure 58: Educating consumers about sustainability policies increases awareness and potentially adds impact to the changes being made 112
Figure 59: Sainsbury's sustainability aligned milk bags are being touted as a 'flagship product' for the retailer 113
Figure 60: Signatory moments such as sustainability events can add additional clout to the sustainable packaging message 114
Figure 61: PepsiCo's 'Performance with Purpose' initiative allows packaging (among other) to take center stage in the company's sustainability pledges 115
Figure 62: Industry players must focus on sustainability claims that are transparent 117
Figure 63: Recycling bins are one way to encourage recycling, especially in convenience channels 119
Figure 64: Packaging, both within and outside of the FMCG space, will signpost sustainability credentials more vigorously going forward 120
Figure 65: Logos of acceptable forest management certification programs will begin to appear on the packaging of Unilever's brands, while cause-marketing can also have packaging implications 121
Figure 66: Through packaging initiatives and on-pack graphics, brands can demonstrate their sustainability credentials, but companies should look beyond 'single attribute eco-labels' 122
Figure 67: Stonyfield Farm takes website users through the "sustainable packaging journey", highlighting the incremental steps taken over 20 years as well as what the future might hold 123
Figure 68: Nature's Path Organic, which has a 'Packaging Reduction Program', is an example of a food and beverage company implementing various sustainable packaging principles for a better outcome 125
Figure 69: Packagers and their customers must explore the full range of possible future rewards and risks associated with the vast range of sustainable packaging tactics that exist 126
Figure 70: Such is the irritation with packaging in certain usage scenarios, the term 'warp rage' has emerged 128
Figure 71: Waste reduction remains the principle area for implementing sustainable packaging principles 130
Figure 72: The 'naked' philosophy that Lush adopts with regards to packaging is one of the more pronounced examples of companies proactively stripping away unnecessary materials from operations 131
Figure 73: Lightweighting is about lowering the weight in terms of distribution of the product, as well as lowering the embodied carbon per pack 132
Figure 74: It is important to consider the end-life of packaging when assessing its sustainability 134
Figure 75: Packaging derived from renewable sources potentially represents an important stepping-stone to the future of sustainable packaging 137
Figure 76: While biodegradable plastic packaging may appear more sustainable its usage is not without difficulties 138
Figure 77: KFC is actively trying to increase the reuse potential of food and beverage packaging with a new reusable polypropylene container 139
Figure 78: CoverMate has converted to more sustainable packaging for its 'Stretch-to-Fit Food Cover' product line 140
Figure 79: Truly embracing sustainability means evaluating an entire business structure: packaging should be assessed and optimized with a thorough understanding of its full role in the product life cycle 142
Figure 80: With Product Launch Analytics (PLA) and Pack-Track, Datamonitor provides the innovation tools to facilitate effective tracking of the most compelling packaging innovation 143
Figure 81: Ethical products can effectively tap into the desire to purchase in line with one's expressed values 144
Figure 82: While ethicality and sustainability credentials do influence food and beverage choices, manufacturers and retailers must not lose sight of the wider hierarchy of purchase influences 147
Figure 83: Environmentalism has genuine luxury and conspicuous value 149
Figure 84: Three important commonalities represent the crossover between ethical/environmental consumerism and authenticity 150

[Inhaltsverzeichnis ausblenden]