Overview 1
Catalyst 1
Table of Contents 2
Table of figures 2
Table of tables 2
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3
WHAT ARE GREEN VEHICLES? 4
Definition 4
WHY DO VEHICLES NEED TO GO GREEN? 5
Global warming and the Kyoto Protocol 5
Road transport is part of the problem 5
Cars are among the major sources of emissions in road transport 6
EU CO2 legislation 7
Timeline analysis of EU green car legislation 9
Support networks for green cars within the EU 10
Electric charging 10
Biofuels 11
Other schemes 11
STEPS TAKEN BY SHAREHOLDERS 12
National governments' actions to reduce car emissions 12
Government grants and eco-innovation allowances 14
Manufacturers' initiatives to reduce car emissions 15
Customers' initiatives to reduce car emissions 17
Customer Case Study 19
ARCADIS N.V. 19
THE FLEET SECTOR AND ITS ROLE IN VEHICLE EMISSIONS 20
Penetration of green vehicles in the operational leasing fleet 20
THE FLEET SECTOR AS PART OF THE SOLUTION 23
Company cars are much younger than the average European car 23
Maintenance management is an integral part of operational leasing contracts 24
Growing number of diesel cars in company car fleet 25
Leasing companies offer initiatives to reduce CO2 emissions 27
Green initiatives taken by leasing companies 28
RESEARCH FINDINGS 34
Deterrents to the growth of green vehicles in the operational leasing market 34
More expensive than traditional cars 34
Difficulty in estimating the residual value of green vehicles 34
The lack of alternative fuel and alternative fuel stations 37
Underdeveloped aftermarket 37
Limitations in car choice and poor performance 37
Key growth factors for green vehicles in the operational leasing market 38
Technologies expected to be successful over the next five years 42
FUTURE OUTLOOK 43
APPENDIX 45
Definitions 50
EU27 50
EU15 50
Top seven markets 50
Small seven markets 50
Eastern European markets 50
Emerging European markets 50
Forecasting methodology 52
Further reading 53
Ask the analyst 53
Datamonitor consulting 53
List of Tables
Table 1: Types of green vehicles 4
Table 2: Key points around passenger-car regulation 8
Table 3: Tax incentives for electric vehicles in the EU 13
Table 4: Green initiative - ALD Automotive 28
Table 5: Green initiative - Alphabet 29
Table 6: Green initiative - Terberg Lease 29
Table 7: Green initiative - Arval 30
Table 8: Green initiative - Athlon Car Lease 30
Table 9: Green initiative - Daimler Fleet Management 31
Table 10: Green initiative - GE Capital Solutions 31
Table 11: Green initiative - ING Car Lease 31
Table 12: Green initiative - KBC Autolease 32
Table 13: Green initiative - LeasePlan 32
Table 14: Green initiative - Lex Autolease 33
Table 15: CO2-based motor vehicle taxes in Europe 45
Table 16: Scrappage incentive schemes across Europe 48
Table 17: Fleet market, basic term definitions 51
Table 18: Fleet market, funding method definitions 51
List of Figures
Figure 1: Greenhouse gas emissions in EU27, by main source of activity, 2007 6
Figure 2: Inland transport model split in top seven European markets, 2004 (total 4,306 billion passenger kilometers) 7
Figure 3: Approved CO2 emissions in EU15 countries (g/km) 8
Figure 4: Legislative roadmap for green cars in the EU (2008-20) 9
Figure 5: Forces behind the decision to go green 12
Figure 6: Average CO2 emissions of each car manufacturer, 1997 and 2008 16
Figure 7: Position of various car manufacturers based on CO2 emissions 17
Figure 8: Demand for cars that emit less than 120g/km of CO2 18
Figure 9: Green (hybrid and alternative fuel) vehicle registrations in the top seven European markets 20
Figure 10: Penetration of green vehicles in the operational leasing fleet of the top seven European markets 21
Figure 11: Comparison of the average age of the car parc and the company car parc for selected EU countries 23
Figure 12: Penetration of fleet management contracts in company car fleet 24
Figure 13: Penetration of fleet management contracts in operational leasing fleet 25
Figure 14: EU car parc by fuel type, 2005-09 26
Figure 15: Penetration of diesel vehicles in newly registered fleet cars in the European top seven markets 27
Figure 16: The role of leasing companies 28
Figure 17: Deterrents to the growth of green vehicles (both hybrid and alternative fuel vehicles) 34
Figure 18: Difficulty in estimating residual value of green vehicles (hybrid and alternative fuel) 35
Figure 19: Key growth factors for green vehicles (hybrid and alternative fuel) 38
Figure 20: The advantages of green vehicles (hybrid and alternative fuel) 40
Figure 21: The advantages of green vehicles (hybrid and alternative fuel) 41
Figure 22: Technologies expected to be successful over the next five years 42
Figure 23: Car parc by fuel type, 2009-14e 43
Figure 24: Proportion of total passenger car sales represented by company cars in Europe, 2009-14e 44
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