Table 1: Major trends in terms of backhaul 6
Table 2: Microwave vs Fibre 9
Table 3: Preferred operator choices in backhaul physical media 9
Table 4: MNO capex growth rate between 2009 and 2010 15
Table 5: Mobile capacity requirements 16
Table 6: Specific backhaul requirements, by mobile generation 19
Table 7: Strengths and weaknesses of major layer 1 backhaul technologies 32
Table 8: AT&T roadmap 39
Table 9: T-Mobile backhaul agreements in 2008 49
Table 10: LTE subscriber forecasts 55
Table 11: Preferred operator choices in backhaul physical media 59
Table 12: Actual number of fibre-fed cell sites in 2010 (IDATE estimates) 59
Figure 1: Gap between revenues and traffic growth 7
Figure 2: Circuit emulation with pseudowire 8
Figure 3: Operator strategies in migrating backhaul networks 9
Figure 4: FTTH network adapted for LTE backhaul 10
Figure 5: Backhaul technologies breakdown today11
Figure 6: Backhaul technologies breakdown in 2016 11
Figure 7: Global IP traffic trends with breakdown applications, 2009-2014 13
Figure 8: Annual mobile traffic 2010-2020, EB 14
Figure 9: Gap between revenues and traffic growth 14
Figure 10: MNO capex in value and growth rates, 2005-2010 15
Figure 11: Protocol stacks in mobile backhaul 16
Figure 12: Typical network costs breakdown 17
Figure 13: Illustration of mobile backhaul 18
Figure 14: Circuit emulation with pseudowires 21
Figure 15: TDM emulation technologies 21
Figure 16: Options to transport legacy over packet networks, and inversely 21
Figure 17: Cell sites and Aggregate gateways 22
Figure 18: Available backhaul support technologies 23
Figure 19: TDM and Ethernet evolution over microwave 24
Figure 20: Different architectures: Point-to-point and Point-to-multipoint 24
Figure 21: Adaptive Coding and Modulation 25
Figure 22: Relative weight of microwave among backhaul support technologies in 2010 26
Figure 23: Several options to use xDSL as mobile backhaul 26
Figure 24: Relative weight of copper among backhaul support technologies in 2010 27
Figure 25: Evolution of VDSL2 rate-reach curves for downstream and upstream traffic 28
Figure 26: FTTH network adapted for LTE backhaul 29
Figure 27: GPON as mobile backhaul 30
Figure 28: Relative weight of fibre among backhaul support technologies in 2010 31
Figure 29: Theoretical backhaul capacity and radio capacity requirements 32
Figure 30: Breakdown of mobile backhauling choice by Telecom Italia 33
Figure 31: Comparison of cost per bandwidth requirement between fibre and microwave 33
Figure 32: Backhaul technologies breakdown today 33
Figure 33: Backhaul technologies breakdown in 2016 33
Figure 34: Mobile transport options 35
Figure 35: Gradual migration with bonded E1/T1 36
Figure 36: Gradual migration with data offload on Ethernet network 36
Figure 37: Gradual migration with separate legacy and Ethernet backhaul networks 37
Figure 38: Gradual migration with Unique Ethernet backhaul using Pseudowire for legacy services 37
Figure 39: Full Ethernet backhaul 37
Figure 40: Fibre-based broadband roll out 42
Figure 41: Mobile network coverage, by technology 43
Figure 42: Planned deployment of FTTH 45
Figure 43: Cableco Hybrid Fiber-Coax networks used for mobile backhaul 53
Figure 44: Decision-making criteria 56
Figure 45: Possible stages for backhaul migration 57
Figure 46: Development of radio access architecture and its impact on backhaul 58
Figure 47: Operator strategies in migrating backhaul networks 60
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