1. Executive Summary
1.1. Growth Drivers for Emerging Markets
1.2. The Digital Divide
1.3. Potential for Businesses in Rural and Remote Areas
1.4. Importance of Providing Universal Access
2. Introduction – Introduction - Rural Telephony for Developing Countries
2.1. Furthering Socio-economic Development in Developing Countries
2.2. Delivering Growth in the Prevailing Adverse Economic Climate
2.3. Raising Living Standards
2.4. The Role of Mobile Telephony
2.5. Mobile Phone Ownership
2.6. Payment Modes
2.7. Social Networking
2.8. Focus of this Report
3. Barriers for Growth in Rural Telephony
3.1. Comparatively Low Revenues
3.2. Backhaul Complications
3.3. Power Supply
3.4. Geographic Considerations
3.4.1. Terrain, Soil and Rock Conditions
3.4.2. Forested Areas, Parks and Protected Areas
3.5. Demographic Considerations
3.5.1. Population Size
3.5.2. Population Density
3.6. Commercial Considerations
3.6.1. Significant Transportation Costs
3.6.2. Other Service Costs
3.6.3. Vandalism and Thefts
4. Universal Access
4.1 Challenges Facing Rural Inhabitants
4.1.1. Necessity for Action
4.2. Universal Access Funding
4.3. Two Gaps to Address: Poverty and Isolation
4.4. Universal Access vs. Universal Service
4.5. Universal Service Obligation
4.6. Universal Access Fund
4.7. Approaches to UAF
4.7.1. Type of sources:
4.7.2. Management of the Fund
4.7.3. Services Supported by Fund
5. Affect of Governments and Regional/Multilateral Institution?
5.1. Challenges Facing Governments and Policy Makers
5.1.1. Interconnection Terms
5.1.2. Preferential Access to Universal Service Funds or Tax Credits
5.1.3. Formation of Regulatory Environments
5.1.4. Sharing Infrastructure
6. Challenges Presented in Different Countries
6.1. Challenges to Operators in Rural Markets
6.2. Bangladesh
6.2.1. Company Initiatives
6.2.1.1. Grameenphone
6.2.2. Private sector participation
6.3. Brazil
6.3.1. Policy Management and Issues
6.4. China
6.4.1. Risks and Limitations of the Chinese market
6.4.1. Company Initiatives
6.4.1.1. China Mobile
6.4.1.1.1. China Mobile Rural Initiatives
6.5. India
6.5.1. Prime Minister Encourages Rural Growth
6.5.2. Challenges to Mobile Operators in India
6.5.2.1. Provision of Towers and Funds
6.5.3. Specific Challenges in India
6.5.3.1. Urban Saturation – Opportunities in Rural Areas
6.5.4. Company Initiatives
6.5.4.1. Bharti Airtel
6.5.4.1.1. The Four A’s
6.5.4.1.2. Bharti-IFFCO Rural Joint Venture
6.5.4.1.3. Extending Rural Reach through Deals
6.5.4.2. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. (BSNL)
6.5.4.2.1. Partnership with Intel
6.5.4.3. Comviva
6.5.4.4. Idea Cellular
6.5.4.4.1. Understanding Rural Requirements
6.5.4.5. Reliance Communications
6.5.4.5.1. Reliance RDEL Project
6.5.4.5.2. Initiatives Encourage Rural Growth
6.5.4.5.2.1. BharatNet Plan
6.5.4.5.2.2. Grameen Vas
6.5.4.5.2.3. Machine to Machine Applications (M2M)
6.5.4.6. Vodafone Essar
6.5.4.6.1. Strategic Initiatives for Rural Markets
6.6. Indonesia
6.6.1. Policy Implementation
6.6.2. Company Initiatives
6.6.2.1. Telkomsel
6.6.2.1.1. Reward of Taking Risks
6.6.2.1.2. Indonesian Government Contracts
6.7. Kenya
6.7.1. Company Initiatives
6.7.1.1. Safaricom, Kenya
6.8. Nigeria
6.8.1. Policy Management and Issues
6.9. Peru
6.9.1. Policy Creation and Management
6.9.1.1. Increased Investment
6.9.2. Company Initiatives
6.9.2.1. Movistar Peru
6.9.2.1.1. Movistar Renace Project
6.10. Uganda
6.10.1. MTN Uganda
6.11. Other Regions and Operators
6.11.1 MTN Community Telecentres
6.11.2. Nokia Economic Growth Venture Challenge
6.11.3. Vodacom
6.11.3.1. Vodacom Community Services
6.11.4. Zain Group
6.11.4.1. Zain One Network Project
7. Ultra Low Cost Handsets
7.1. LG
7.2. Motorola
7.3. Nokia
7.4. Samsung
7.5. Sony Ericsson
7.8. Vodafone and TCL
7.7. Other vendors
7.7.1. Olive Telecommunications
7.8. CDMA Scenario
8. UMTS and HSPA in Rural Districts
8.1. UMTS
8.1.1. UMTS900
8.1.2 HSPA: HSUPA and HSDPA
8.1.3. UMTS and HSPA Activities in Rural Areas
8.2. VSAT-based solutions for Rural Telephony
8.2.1. Gilat Satellite Networks
8.2.2. Hughes Network Systems (HNS)
8.3. Broadband Wireless Access (BWA)
8.3.1. Underserved Areas Provide Growth Opportunities
8.3.2. Advantages of BWA
8.4. WiMAX
8.4.1. Key Benefits of WiMAX Technology
8.4.2. WiMAX Certification
8.4.3. Benefits of Using WiMAX Equipment
8.4.4. Market for WiMAX
8.4.5. WiMAX in Mobile Communications
8.4.5.1. IEEE 802.16 Standards
8.4.5.2. IEEE 802.16-2004
8.5. WiMAX Frequency Spectrum
8.5.1. Licensed bands
8.5.2. Unlicensed Bands: 5GHz U-NII & WRC Bands
8.5.3. More Frequency Bands for WiMAX
8.5.4. Block Size
8.6. Spectrum Availability and Regulatory Issues
8.7. Case Study - WiMAX Vendors and Services in Nigeria
8.7.1. Hyperia
8.7.2. Direct on PC (DOPC)
8.7.3. Monarch Communications
8.7.4. Netcom
8.7.5. IpNX
8.7.6. Suburban Telecom
8.7.7. Startech Connection Ltd
8.7.8. Cost
9. Conclusion
9.1. Improving Rural User’s Way of Life
9.2. Why Provide Rural Coverage?
9.2.1. Handset Vendors
9.2.2. Network Vendors and Radio Equipment Vendors
9.2.3. Subcontractors
9.2.4. Real Estate Owners
9.3. Outline Forecasts
9.3.1. Population Coverage and Impact on Subscriber Growth
9.3.2. Impact on the ULCH Market
9.3.3. Economic progress and community empowerment
9.4. Rural coverage drivers
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